EV Charging Impact for a signal filter

An electric car's range is its battery divided by its energy use per kilometer. At low speed rolling resistance dominates; at highway speed aerodynamic drag — which grows with the square of speed — takes over, so consumption climbs steeply. That is why an EV goes much farther in the city than on the motorway, the opposite of a gasoline car.

Three-phase power delivers energy on three conductors carrying sinusoids 120° apart, so total power is constant and motors self-start. Line and phase voltages differ by √3, and real power is P = √3·V_line·I·cosφ. The power factor cosφ measures how much current actually does useful work.

A battery's rated capacity is not all usable: depth-of-discharge limits protect its life, and round-trip efficiency means some energy is lost charging and discharging. What actually reaches your home is capacity × depth-of-discharge × round-trip efficiency. Together with cycle life, these set backup duration and the cost per stored kilowatt-hour.