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For Students · Polarization

Polarization for an LED

Built for students learning it for a class or exam. See the concept move instead of memorizing formulas — and check your homework intuition. Simulate an LED live below — adjust the inputs and watch it respond, right in your browser.

Polarization (Malus's Law)Live

filtering light waves

Controls

Presets

Polarizer 1 angle (°)

Polarizer 2 angle (°)

Polarizer 3 angle (°)

A polarizer only passes the light-wave component aligned with its axis. Malus's law says the transmitted intensity is I₀·cos²θ, where θ is the angle between successive filters. Two crossed polarizers block everything — but slip a third at 45° between them and light reappears, a striking quantum-like result of projection.

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Data Inspector

Final intensity12.5%

Polarizers3

Crossed?no

Governing equation

I = I_{0} cos^{2} θ, θ = 4 5^{\circ} \Rightarrow I \approx 12.5% I_{0}

Reading this result: Each filter projects the beam onto its axis, multiplying intensity by cos² of the step angle; after this chain about 13% remains.

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Frequently asked questions

Is this good for students?: Yes — this version of "Polarization for an LED" is framed for students learning it for a class or exam. See the concept move instead of memorizing formulas — and check your homework intuition.
Do I need to install anything?: No. It runs in any modern browser, free, with no account required.